Capital and Labour, drawn by R. J. Hammerton, who sometimes used the penname Shallaballa, seen near the lower righthand corner (12 August 1843), Vol. 5: 48-49. Punch; or, The London Charivari 17.7 cm high by 24.3 cm wide.
Original Editorial Commentary for "Capital and Labour. Cartoon No. V."
It is gratifying to know that though there is much misery in the coal-mines, where the "labourers are obliged to go on all-fours like dogs*," there is a great deal of luxury results from it. The public mind has been a good deal shocked by very offensive representations of certain underground operations, carried on by an inferior race of human beings, employed in working the mines, but Punch's artist has endeavoured to do away with the disagreeable impression, by showing the very refined and elegant result that happily results from the labours of these inferior creatures.The works being performed wholly under ground, ought never to have been intruded on the notice of the public. They are not intended for the light of day, and it is therefore unfair to make them the subject of illustration. When taken in conjunction with the very pleasing picture of aristocratic ease to which they give rise, the labours in the mines must have a very different aspect from that which some injudicious writers have endeavoured to attach them. * Vide Mr. Horne's Report. [48]
Details. Left: Hope (with her anchor) locked out. Right: The starving poor. [Click on images to enlarge them.]
Other details
A Note on "Horne's Report" — Child Labor
The cartoon, the fifth "Mr. Punch's Big Cut," appears to have been at least partly inspired by a recent parliamentary report on child labour, The First Report on Children in Mines (May 1842), which the magazine's editorialist refers to as "Mr. Horne's Report." Its principal author, Richard Hengist Horne (1802-1884), although a Sandhurst graduate, never received a military commission, and became a journalist instead. After participating in a number of foreign military campaigns, including the Mexican War, he returned to England in 1827 and took up literature, being variously a newspaper writer and poet. Despite his lack of political background, he was appointed to the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment in mines and factories. Horne as a subcommissioner for England with the Astley Commission produced two reports on child labour. The First Report on Children in Mines (May 1842) led to Parliament's legislating against the employment underground of all females and of boys under ten years of age. The Second Report, which considered the conditions of children employed in trades and manufacturing, was based on some 1,500 interviews of child workers. Shedding light upon the extremely dangerous working conditions in the factories (where children would customarily crawl under the machinery while it was running in order to clear away cotton threads), it directly led to the 1844 Factory Act. It is noteworthy that the cartoon features children working in coal seams, another extremely dangerous rather than merely an uncomfortable form of child labour, and that the children in Leech's celebrated Ignorance and Want in A Christmas Carol (1843) are standing in front of what appears to be a factory.
Scanned images and text Philip V. Allingham [You may use this image without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the person who scanned them and (2) link your document to this URL in a web document or cite the Victorian Web in a print one.]
Related material
- G. W. M. Reynolds’s London — unbounded wealth and appalling misery (from the novel The Mysteries of London)
- G. W. M. Reynolds on Child Labor in Coal Mines (from the novel The Mysteries of London)
- Child Labor
References
Dickens, Charles. A Christmas Carol. Il. John Leech. London: Chapman and Hall, 1843.
Leech, John. Substance and Shadow. Punch; or, The London Charivari. 5 (15 July 1843): 22-23.
"Shallaballa" (R. J. Hammerton). Capital and Labour. Punch; or, The London Charivari. 5 (12 August 1843): 48-49.
Last modified 15 May 2018